PartTwoDictionUnitOneLevelofWords1I.IntroductionF1.Whatisdiction?ThechoiceanduseofwordsWhy?themostusefulandmostoftenusedAvoidtheinappropriate,inexact,unidiomaticoruninteresting“dangerous”“leadto”“cause”2FAlthougheconomic improvement may be caused by tourism,theinvestmentandoperationalcostsoftourismmustalsobeconsidered.FAlthoughtourism may lead to economic development,theinvestmentandoperationalcostsoftourismmustalsobeconsidered.3FListwordswithmeaningof“see”(看):FScan,skim,observe,notice,witness,glimpse,glance,gaze,skim,enjoy,lookbackupon,browse,eye,peer,peep,glare,stare,4FOutofthecabinwindowitwasbright.Somepassengers_theairscenery,some_intothesplendidAlps,someothers_throughnewspaper.Althoughmyeyeswere_ononemagazineIcouldnthelp_theyearsofWorldWarII(MartinRowe)F窗外阳光灿烂。机舱里有人观赏高空美景，有人在凝眺阿尔卑斯风光，有人在浏览报纸。我的眼睛尽管盯在一份杂志上，但我的思维却禁不住回溯到二战的岁月FPractical English rhetoricbyLvXu,P392.Fillintheblankswiththefollowingwords:gaze;skim;enjoy;lookbackupon；fixenjoyedgazedskimmedfixedlookingbackupon53.ThecommonproblemsofdictionFWhatarethecommonproblemsofdiction?FWrongwords,orinappropriateinexact,unidiomaticoruninterestingwords6II.LevelsofwordsFReadthepart“LevelofWords”onP9-13,decidinghowwordsaredividedandfillintheblanks.7II.LevelsofwordsStyleofwordsUsersPurposeStandardEnglishNon-standard8II.LevelsofwordsStyleofwordsUsersPurposeStandardEnglishMeetthestyleandcontentSlang,dialectSpecialgroupsofpeopleformal,commoncolloquialNon-standardSpecialeffectEducatedpeople9ThreelevelsofwordsF1. Formal WordsFLiteraryWords&TechnicalWordsF1) AppearinformalwritingF2) Manycontainmorethan3syllablesF3) MostofthemareofGreekorLatinoriginF4) Someadverbs:hereby(特此),thereby(从而),therefore,however,moreover,furthermore.10F2. Common WordsFFeatures:FFrequentlyusedFManymeanings.F各类常用名词：自然现象、人体部分、动物名称、食物名称、亲属关系词。F生活和思想的基本行动的动词；F基本性质的形容词F11ComparisonbetweencommonandformalwordsFroomFbuyFbeginFgiveFliveFtryFfindFgetFaccommodationFpurchaseFcommenceFdonateFdwellFendeavorFlocateFobtain12F3. Informal WordsFStandard/colloquialF1)Notasaccurateasformalwords;frequentlyused;multiplemeaningsF2)Phrasalverbs:makeup,makefor,bemadeupof,bemadefrom,etc.F3)Nounsderivedfromphrasalverbs.F4)WordsformedbyabbreviationsF5)Someemphaticadjsandadvs:awfully,terrific,wonderful,superb,lovely,pretty,absolutely,gorgeous,dreadful,horrible,ghastly.FSubstandard:slang(俚语);dialectalwords13FReadthethreeparagraphsonP7andP8andfindthelanguagefeaturesandseetheycanmeetthestyleofthewriting14ContentandcontextLevelsofwordsOtherfeaturesPassage1Passage2Passage315Passage ContentandcontextLevelsofwordsOtherfeatures123TheuseoflanguageinfordifferentpurposeThethoughtsofachildThefeelingofdrivingofadriverFormal&learnedwordsMorecommonwordsMoreshortformsLongsentences;nounsColloquialwordsMoreclauses,notverylongsentences16FivestylesofEnglishFfrozenFformalFconsultativeFcasualFintimateF凝固体/演说体F正式体F商议体F随意体F亲昵体候维瑞，（1997：70）英语语体17FMadameChairman,MrsVice-president,HonoredGuests,andFriends,FIfeelmostdeeplyhonoredtohavebeeninvitedtospeaktosuchanillustriousgatheringtonightandtobegiventheprivilegeofrepresentingmydistinguishedcolleague,especiallyDrMonrovia,whohavebeenengagedinaverydemandingresearchprojectinthefieldofsociolinguistics,anareaofstudywhichwefeelhaspotentialforyouprofessionalso.FLadiesandgentlemen,FImexceedinglygratefultohavebeenaskedtobyourchairman,DrJeanMonrovia,topresentourrecentfindingsonthetopicof“ResearchandDevelopmentsinSociolinguistics”,andhopeitwillproveusefultothoseofyouengagedinteachingEnglish.FGoodEvening,Friends,FOurChairman,JeanMonrovia,askedmetosharesomeofmycurrentresearchinsociolinguistics,andIhopeitwillbeusefultoyouinyourEnglishclassnextweek.FHi,everyone,FJeanaskedmetocomeonoverandrapabitaboutthestuffImintoinsociolinguistics.MaybeitllhelpinteachingthoseEnglishclasses,andIhopeyouwontbeturnedoffwithsomeofthetechnicaljargonandstuff.frozenformalcasualintimate18FMadameChairman,MrsVice-president,HonoredGuests,andFriends,FIfeelmostdeeplyhonoredtohavebeeninvitedtospeaktosuchanillustriousgatheringtonightandtobegiventheprivilegeofrepresentingmydistinguishedcolleague,especiallyDrMonrovia,whohavebeenengagedinaverydemandingresearchprojectinthefieldofsociolinguistics,anareaofstudywhichwefeelhaspotentialforyouprofessionalso.FLadiesandgentlemen,FImexceedinglygratefultohavebeenaskedtobyourchairman,DrJeanMonrovia,topresentourrecentfindingsonthetopicof“ResearchandDevelopmentsinSociolinguistics”,andhopeitwillproveusefultothoseofyouengagedinteachingEnglish.frozenformal19FGoodEvening,Friends,FOurChairman,JeanMonrovia,askedmetosharesomeofmycurrentresearchinsociolinguistics,andIhopeitwillbeusefultoyouinyourEnglishclassnextweek.FHi,everyone,FJeanaskedmetocomeonoverandrapabitaboutthestuffImintoinsociolinguistics.MaybeitllhelpinteachingthoseEnglishclasses,andIhopeyouwontbeturnedoffwithsomeofthetechnicaljargonandstuff.casualintimate20AttentioninwordchoiceF1)DontmixthestyleF2)UsecolloquialstylewithcareF3)Avoidusingsexistlanguage21DontmixthestyleFFindtheimproperwordsorphrases.FOnhearingthathisfatherhadkickedthebucket,wewrotehimalettertoexpressoursympathies.FThenexttimeyoucome,bringthekidsalong.(Chicago mayor to an European Queen in the farewell party)FFailureisthemomofsuccess.22Usecolloquialstylewithcare23Avoidusingsexistlanguage24In-classpracticeF1.Wewere(angry,mad)whenthenewsreachedus.F2.Shewasseriouslyinjuredinthecaraccidentandfinally(died,kickthebucket)ingreatpain.F3.Shelikesanykindsof(desert,dessert)aslongasitismadeofchocolate.25F4.Thechildrenaretaughttodevelopa(conscience,conscious)thathelpsthemtomakemoraldecisions.F5.Shehasbeen(threw,through)manykindsofcareertestingbutstillhasnotmadeuphermind.26III.MeaningofthewordsFDenotationandConnotationFSynonyms271.DenotationandconnotationFWhatisdenotation?FThedefinitionfromthedictionaries.FWhatisconnotation?FThesuggestedmeaning281.DenotationandconnotationF1)Whatdoestheword“woman”mean?FWoman:femaleFFrail,emotional,pronetotears,inconstant,compassionate,hardworkingDenotationconnotation29F2)Discussthedenotationandconnotationofcountry, nation, stateandland with your friends30In-classpractice31322.SynonymsFEnglish:richinsynonymsFDifficulttofindtwowordswithexactlythesamemeaning332.SynonymsF1)StylisticlevelF2)DegreeofemphasisF3)EmotionalcoloringF4)DifferenttoneofthewordsF5)Collocationofthewords341)StylisticlevelendEatfinishdineconcludeingest35ComparisonbetweentheoriginofthewordsFAnglo-SaxonoriginFinformalFonesyllableFpopular/smallwordsFnaturalandfamiliarFLatin,FrenchorGreekoriginFformalFmoresyllablesFliterarywords/bigwordsFacademicandserious36StyleofwordsFcarryFfinishFhideFbuyFenoughFhandbookFhelpFstopFdeepFbeforeFaboutFuseFbearFcompleteFconcealFpurchaseFsufficientFmanualFassistFceaseFprofoundFpriortoFapproximatelyFemploy/utilizeCommonstyleAcademicstyle37In-classpractice:matchthecommonverbphraseswiththeformalwordsFspeedupFcarryoutFbreatheinFtakeawayFpassonFtakeinFperformFremoveFabsorbFtransfer/transmitFaccelerateFinhale382) Degreeofemphasis:Big,large&huge.e.g.FAbig/ largecity;abig/ largehouseFNanjingisaverylargecityinCentralChina.FTheteamhasgotahugemanovertwometerstall.Ancientandold,eg.FYoustilluseyourancientfloppydisk.393) EmotionalcoloringFSmall&littleFTheylivedinasmalltown.FIcanneverforgetthelittletownwhereIspentmyhappychildhood.404).ThedifferenttoneofthewordsFA.Whichonedoyoufeelhappytohear?“Youareverymodest.”“Youareveryhumble.”CommendatorymeaningDerogatorymeaning414) Differenttoneofthewords:Flaudatory(赞美的)FneutralFderogatory(贬义的)42HomeworkFPeasant&FarmerFPolitician&Statesman43F英语中的peasant是贬义。farmer没有F美国传统词典给peasant下定义：“乡下人、庄稼人、乡巴佬”，“教养不好的人、粗鲁的人”。F新编韦氏大学词典：“一般指未受过教育的、社会地们低下的人”。F在汉语中，“农民”指直接从事农业生产劳动的人，毫无贬义44politician和statesmanFPolitician这个词在美国英语中，往往有很强烈的贬义色彩，引起别人的蔑视。它只为谋取个人私利而搞政治、耍手腕的人。这个词还有“精明圆滑的人”（smooth-operator）之义。Fstatesman指一个人做事和说话时，信心十足，非常老练。statesman主要表示善于管理国家的明知之士；人们通常把有威望的高级政府官员称为statesman.F“Thepoliticianisconcernedwithsuccessfulelection,whereasthestatementisinterestedinthefutureofhispeople.”P.5045宣传宣传部？FPublicitydepartmentFPropagandadepartmentFPropaganda:ideasorstatementsthatareinterestedaspublicityforaparticularcausebutareoftenpresentedasbeing biasedFEg.Thepeoplewantinformationbutnotpropaganda.FPublicity:businessof(providinginformationinordertoattractpublicattention)FPublicityagent465).CollocationofthewordsFCanyounametheverbsusedwith“proposal”?Fmake,reject,putforward,support,approve,accept,back,submit,grant,oppose-COBUILD,BirminghamUniversity47Whichsentencedoyoufindbetter?FSmokingcanbeharmfultohealth.FSmokingdoesharmtohealth.FMyfatherhasabigoperationandheisnowgettingbetter.FMyfatherisrecoveringfromabigoperation.F-YangFengning,P4448F“中国学生直译方式的遣词造句，有时虽然没语法错误，但是人工痕迹太重”。49In-classpracticeF1.Findthemisuseofthewordsinthefollowingsentences.Iamdangerous.Hewasstarvingandhismothergavehimsomefleshanddrink.WearegoingtohaveonetestnextTuesdayandafterthatthesemesterwillbeover.Iwillappreciateyouverymuchifyoucouldletmeknowinadvancewhetherornotyouwillbecoming.50Iamin danger.Hewasstavingandhismothergavehimsomemeat anddrink.WearegoingtohaveoneexaminationnextTuesdayandafterthatthesemesterwillbeover.Iwillappreciateitverymuchifyoucouldletmeknowinadvancewhetherornotyouwillbecoming.51F2.Correcttheunderlinedpartsineachofthefollowingsentences.FTheyoftengooutingstogetherandenjoyingalotoffun.FTheyoftengooutingstogetherandhavealotoffun.FCelebrateyouforyoursuccess!FCelebrateyouonyoursuccess!FThebellrang,butnobodyreceivedthephone.FThebellrang,butnobodyansweredthephone.52FThebossopenedacheckandaskedonetocashit.FThebossopenedanaccountandaskedonetocashit.FThebossmadeoutacheckandaskedonetocashit.FHerideamadeastronginfluenceonme.FHerideahadastronginfluenceonme.FHewasdeterminedtocontributehiswholelifetotheParty.FHewasdeterminedtodevotehiswholelifetotheParty.FTheproblemconsistsofyourlaziness.FTheproblemconsistsinyourlaziness.53AssignmentF1.FindthedifferenceoftonebetweenFPeasant&FarmerFPolitician&StatesmanF2.DoExercisesTask3onP13.5455F英语中的peasant是贬义。farmer没有F美国传统词典给peasant下定义：“乡下人、庄稼人、乡巴佬”，“教养不好的人、粗鲁的人”。F新编韦氏大学词典：“一般指未受过教育的、社会地们低下的人”。F在汉语中，“农民”指直接从事农业生产劳动的人，毫无贬义56politician和statesmanFPolitician这个词在美国英语中，往往有很强烈的贬义色彩，引起别人的蔑视。它只为谋取个人私利而搞政治、耍手腕的人。这个词还有“精明圆滑的人”（smooth-operator）之义。Fstatesman指一个人做事和说话时，信心十足，非常老练。statesman主要表示善于管理国家的明知之士；人们通常把有威望的高级政府官员称为statesman.F“Thepoliticianisconcernedwithsuccessfulelection,whereasthestatementisinterestedinthefutureofhispeople.”P.5057