Unit 9 What makes a leader?Asenseofhumorispartoftheartofleadership,ofgettingalongwithpeople,ofgettingthingsdone.DwightD.EisenhowerDiscussionIfyouareelectedthechairpersonofyourcountry,whatisthefirstthingyouaregoingtodo?Whyisitimportant?1. When you select a person to be your leader at some level, say, chairman of the Students Union, editor of the college tabloid, what sort of person do you think he/she ought to be?2. Have you ever had the wish to be a leader of some kind? Do you believe you have the qualities required and thus you will turn out to be a competent leader?Illustration with ExamplesAnobviousfeatureofthetextistheabundantuseofexamplestoillustratethetopicsentenceorcentralideaofaparagraph.Evidence from TextPara. 2Centralidea:Leadershipisasmuchaquestionoftimingasanythingelse.Illustrations:ThreegreatstatesmenChurchill,RooseveltandLeninatthetimewhentheirrolewascalledfor.Para. 3Topicsentence:Greatleadersarealmostalwaysgreatsimplifiers.Illustrations:Thebriefbutforcefulmessagesthethreestatesmensenttotheirpeoplerespectively.Para. 4Centralidea:Leadersmusthavebigger-than-life,commandingfeaturesAtrademarkalsocomesinhandy.Illustrations:LGJsnoseandearlobes;Ikesbroadgrin;Lincolnsstovepipehat,JFKsrocker.Para. 5Topicsentence:Italsohelpsforaleadertobeabletodosomethingmostofuscant.Illustration:FDRovercamepolio;MaoswamtheYangtzeRiverattheageof72.Para. 6Topicsentence:Eventelevisiondoesntaltogetherobscurethequalitiesofleadershipwerecognize,ortheirabsence.Illustrations:TelevisionexposedNixonsinsecurityandHumphreysfatalinfatuationwithhisownvoice.Para. 8Topicsentence:Aleadershouldknowtoappearrelaxedandconfident.Illustrations:Heshouldbeable,likeLincoln,FDR,Truman,IkeandJFK,togiveagood,hearty,bellylaugh,insteadofthesicklygrinthatpassesforgoodhumorinNixonorCarter.RonaldReaganstrainingasanactorshowedtogoodeffectinthedebatewithCarter,whenbyhiseasymannerandapparentaffability.Para. 9Centralidea:Peoplecanonlybeledwheretheywanttogo.Theleaderfollows,thoughastepahead.Illustrations:AmericanswantedtoclimboutoftheDepressionandneededsomeonetotellthemtheycoulddoit,andFDRdid.TheBritishbelievedthattheycouldstillwinthewarafterthedefeatsof1940,andChurchilltoldthemtheywereright.Main ideasTheleadermustappearonthesceneatamomentwhenpeoplearelookingforleadership.Greatleadersarealmostalwaysgreatsimplifiers.Leadersmusthavebigger-than-life,commandingfeaturesforpeopletoremember.Leadersmustbeabletodosomethingmostofuscant.Leadersmustknowhowtousepowerandhaveawayofshowinghedoes.Aleadershouldknowtoappearrelaxedandconfident.Theleaderfollows,thoughastepaside.Aleaderridesthewaves,moveswiththetides,andunderstandsthedeepestyearningsofhispeople.Agreatleadermusthaveinfectiousoptimism.Agreatleadermusttransformourneedsandfearsintocoherentpoliciesandprogress.Heis,afterall,merelythesumofus.Not every president is a leader, but every time we elect a president we hope for oneNoteverypresidentisaleaderinthetruesense,buteverytimeweelectapresidentwehopewehaveelectedaleaderhope for sth.wantsth.tobetrueortohappene.g.Heinvitedmetohisbirthdayparty;thisiswhatIhadbeenhopingfor.Whatwecandonowistohopeforthebestbutbepreparedfortheworst.In easy times we are ambivalentin easy timesintimeswhenwearefreefromdiscomfortorworryNotethatthiscontrastswithintimesofdoubtandcrisisintheprevioussentence.ambivalentadj.uncertainbecauseoftheinabilitytomakeachoice;havingopposedorconflictingattitudes,emotions,etc.e.g.Becauseofthebigdifferenceinfamilybackgroundsheremainedambivalentaboutthemarriage.IfeelprettyambivalentaboutwhetherIshouldtakethejoboffer;thepayisgenerousbutIhavetobeflyingallaroundtheworldmostofthetime.shakes things upmakechangesinordertoimprovee.g.Theintroductionofdigitaltechnologyhasshakenmanyindustriesup.Severalplayersfromoverseashavebeenbroughtintoshakeuptheteam.The leader must appear on the scene at a moment when people are looking for leadershipTheleaderappearsonlywhenthepeoplefeeltheneedforsomeonetrustworthywhocanleadthemtoattaintheirdesiredgoals.RooseveltFranklinD.Roosevelt,abbreviatedasFDR,(18821945)wasthe32ndpresidentoftheU.S.(19331945).Electedfourtimes,heinstitutedmajorreformsknownastheNewDealtocountertheeconomiccrisisofthe1930sandwasaforcefulleaderduringWWII.eloquent messageclearandforcefulmessage;amessagethatiseffectiveinpersuasionLeadership is as much a question of timing as anything else. The leader must appear on the scene at a moment when people are looking for leadership, as Churchill did in 1940, as Roosevelt did in 1933, as Lenin did in 1917. And when he comes, he must offer a simple, eloquent message.译文：当领袖，掌握好时机很重要。领导者必须顺乎民心，应时上台。就像1940年上台的丘吉尔、1933年上台的罗斯福和1917年上台的列宁。一旦成为领袖，就必须发出简洁有力的信息。straightforward but potent messagesexplicitlystatedbutpowerfulmessagespotentadj.strong,powerful,forcefuloreffectivee.g.Thisisapotentdrugtokillcancerouscellsbutithasunpleasantsideeffects.Hemadeaverypotentargumentinhisspeechforincreasinginterestrate.they must have bigger-than-life, commanding featurestheymusthavecertainphysicalfeaturesthatareextraordinaryanddominant,thusimpressiveLGJAbbreviationofLyndonG.Johnson(19081973),the36thpresidentoftheU.S.(19631969)IkeDwightEisenhower(18901969),the34thpresidentoftheU.S.(19531961)A trademark also comes in handyAtrademarkisthenameorothersymbolusedtoidentifythegoodsproducedbyaparticularmanufacturer.However,inthiscontextitreferstothe distinctive sign or mark of the presence of a person,suchasthestovepipehatLincolnworeandtherockerJFKlikedtositin.Thephrasetocomeinhandymeansto be useful in a particular situation.e.g.Keepthoseemptyglassbottles;theymightcomeinhandysometime.LincolnAbrahamLincoln(18091865),the16thpresidentoftheU.S.JFKAbbreviationofJohnFitzgeraldKennedy(19171963),the35thpresidentoftheU.S.(19611963),thefirstRomanCatholicandtheyoungestmanevertobepresidentFordGeraldFord(19132006),the38thpresidentoftheU.S.(19741977).Adlai StevensonHereitreferstoAdlaiStevensonII(19001965),whowasanAmericanpoliticiannotedforhisintellectualdemeanor,eloquentoratoryandpromotionofliberalcausesintheDemocraticParty.HereceivedtheDemocraticPartysnominationforpresidentin1952and1956,butwasdefeatedbothtimesbyRepublicanDwightD.Eisenhower.Nelson Rockfeller(19081979)the41stvicepresidentoftheU.S.underGeraldFordEven television, which comes in for a lot of knocks as an image-builder that magnifies form over substance, doesnt altogether obscure the qualities of leadership we recognize, or their absence.Televisionreceivesalotofcriticismasapowerfuldevicetopresenttothepublictheimageofapersonforemphasizinghisappearanceratherthanhisinnerqualities;evensowecanstillidentifycertainqualitiesapersonhasasaleaderortheoneshelacks.come in forreceiveblameorcriticisme.g.Theplanhadcomeinforfiercecriticismevenbeforeitsimplementation.Thedirectorofboardcameinforseverecriticismsformishandlingthedebtsofthecompany.Even television, which comes in for a lot of knocks as an image-builder that magnifies form over substance, doesnt altogether obscure the qualities of leadership we recognize, or their absence.译文：即使很多人指责电视善于营造表面形象，令表象夸张失实，也无法歪曲、掩盖或凭空捏造我们认识的领导者的气质。HumphreyHubertHoratioHumphrey(19111978),vice-presidentoftheU.S.underPresidentJohnsonfatal infatuation with his own voiceexcessiveadmirationforhisownvoice?PhysicalclumsinessCarterJimmyCarter(bornin1924),the39thpresidentoftheU.S.(19771981),wastherecipientofthe2002NobelPeaceprize.TrumanHarryS.Truman(18841972)wasthe33rdpresidentoftheU.S.(19451952).HeapprovedthedroppingofthetwoatombombsonJapan(1945).the sickly grin that passes for good humorpass for/asbeacceptedasbeinge.g.WithherperfectcommandofGerman,shepassedforanativeGermanlady.Wearinghisbrothersuniform,hepassedforapoliceman.Ronald Reagan(19112004)the40thpresidentoftheU.S.(19811989)Ronald Reagans training as an actor showed to good effect in the debate with Carter, when by his easy manner and apparent affability, he managed to convey the impression that in fact he was the president and Carter the challenger.译文：罗纳德里根曾经接受过演员的训练，这一点在他与卡特辩论时发挥了作用。在辩论时，他以轻松和蔼的形象让人感觉似乎他才是现任总统，卡特才是挑战者。People can only be led where they want to go. The leader follows, though a step ahead.Peoplecanonlybeledtogowheretheythemselveschoose;noonecanforcethemtogowherehewantsthemto.Theleadershouldgowiththepeopleinthedirectiontheychoose,butheisnotjustoneamongthem;heleadsthem.Americans wanted to climb out of the Depression and needed someone to tell them they could do it, and FDR did.译文：美国人想爬出经济萧条的泥潭，需要有人告诉他们能做到这一点，这个人就是罗斯福。1. What can be inferred from Para. 9 about the relationship between the people and a leader?Aleadershouldbeoneofthepeoplewhoseektorealizetheirdesiredgoals,butdifferentfromtheordinarypeople.Hemustbetheonewhotakestheleadinsuchendeavours.A leader rides the waves, moves with the tidesThisisananalogy.Thetwowordswavesandtidesareoriginallyusedtodescribethemovementofwatersofanocean;heretheyareanalogouslyusedtorefertothedevelopmentofasituation.What it means is that a leader should choose to go in the direction the people wish to take.dignify our desiresrespectourwishesby sheer rhetoricmerelybyusingpersuasivespeechrallying cryawordoraphrasethatisusedtounitethepeopleinsupportofanideaA leader must stir our blood, not appeal to our reason.Aleadershouldstimulateourpassion,notjusttrytoreasonwithus.we cant fake himwecantpretendthatwehavealeaderHow, according to the text, would you answer the question raised by the author in the title what makes a leader?Therearecertainqualitiesthatarerequiredofaleader,butwhatisquintessentialinthemakingofaleaderisthetime and the people.Aleaderappearsonlywhenthetimecallsforone,andwhatisevenmoreimportantisthatitisthepeoplewhocreatealeader.Refertothelasttwoparagraphsofthetext:Hewontcomeuntilwerereadyforhimourstrengthmakeshimstrong;ourdeterminationmakeshimdetermined;ourcouragemakeshimahero;heis,inthefinalanalysis,thesymbolofthebestinus,shapedbyourownspiritandwill.1. Supposeyouareoneofseveralcandidatesrunningforthepositionof,say,chairmanoftheCollegeStudentsUnion,captainofthecollegebasketballteam,headofthedramagroup,etc.,andyouaregoingtomakeaspeechtoyourfellowstudents,whosevoteswilldecidetheoutcomeoftheelection.Nowtrytoadvertiseyourselfinthespeech,explainingwhyyouthinkyouarethemostsuitablepersonfortheposition.2. InthetextKordahasdiscussedcertainqualitieswhichhethinksaredesirableinaleader.Healsopresentstheviewthataleaderiscreatedbythepeopleatatimewhenoneiscalledfor.YoumayormaynotagreewitheverythingKordahassaidaboutaleader.Presentyourviewsinagroupdiscussion,exchangingyourideaswitheachotherandcomparingthemwithKordas.Hopefullyyourdiscussionwillleadtoyourownnotionofwhatmakesaleader.Paraphrasing1. The ability to arrange and control over events and actions to achieve desired results is a quality that is most required of a leader.2. He should be good at exercising his power/ authority where desired (thats a quality a leader must have), and he should demonstrate himself to be equal to such function.3. The leader should be quick at noticing what people are in need of, and get ahead to meet their demands while guiding and delegating them toward a specified direction.4. Strength, determination and courage are most important qualities we must acquire, without which we can hardly hope to make a good leader of ours. We cannot deceive ourselves by making him appear what he is not, no matter how skilled we are in improving his public image. We are well aware that he is the representative of all of us.1. Theoutcomeofthegamedependsnotjustontheskillsofindividualplayersbutalsoonthetimingofalltheplayersoftheteam.2. WhatIwanttoasknextishowwecouldsustainaconstantself-identity.3.Hefeltashamedofhimselfforthefoolishthingshehaddonewhenhisinfatuationwasover.4. Skindoctorswarnpeopletobecarefulwithdirectsunexposurebecauseoftheriskofskincancer.5.Herheadwasseriouslyinjured,butsheeventuallymanagedtoclimboutofthewindow.6. Howcanwemakeourexhibitboothstandoutfromtheothers?7. Hetriedtopassforagentleman;buteveryoneknewhewasjustanupstart.8.Hestressesthatbothpoliticiansandcommentatorsinthemedianeedtocooltheirrhetoric.优秀的领导者几乎都是善于化繁为简的高手。他们会绕过争论，辩论和疑虑，拿出一套人人听得懂，人人记得住的解决方案。丘吉尔曾告诫过英国人要准备应对“流血，劳累，流泪和流汗”；富兰克林德兰诺罗斯福告诉过美国人民，“我们唯一需要惧怕的就是惧怕本身”；列宁许诺让战争拖得精疲力竭的俄罗斯人得到和平和面包。这些都是简明却又极具说服力的信息。LanguageworkGrammar1.1-5CBCCB2.1-5ACBCA3.1-5ADAAB6-10BDCCD11-15CACAAVocabularyA.1.ambivalent2.leadership3.timing4.eloquent5.potent6.bigger-than-life7.identity8.infatuation9.passfor10.affability11.matched12.rhetoricB.SetA.1.smoulder2.glowing/ablaze3.blazing4.scorch/singe5.Flames6.charred/singed7.blazing8.glow9.glow10.blazed/ablaze;glowed/glowingSetB.1.bound2.bounded3.abandon4.abundance5.abound6.bound7.abounds,abound8.abundance9.bound10.abandonedCloze1.more2.that3.to4.companies5.referring6.managers7.disposal8.made9.leadership10.asProofreading&ErrorCorrection1.cantisnt2.informallytheas3.useusing4.notnot5.managementmanaging6.controlcontrolling7.managersmanagers8.motivatingmotivation9.leadershipbetween10.formerformal