1Chapter ii using proper wordsI、formal and informal words2Nonstandard words Formal occasions: informal occasions: formal/ technical words common colloquial words words (slangs) nonstandard wordswords There is nothing new in the recognition, within a given language, of a distinction between common usage and uses of the language for more restricted purpose and often enough, perhaps characteristically, more elevated purposes. The monolithic nature of English is not questioned when literary essayists like Emerson contrast poetry and common speech. The latter is recognized in America to be the proper subject for the investigation of linguists who, however, now show some incipient inclination to investigate poetry, too, and other no casual utterances in a given language. You You have have your your tension. tension. Sometimes Sometimes you you come come close close to to having having an an accident accident that that upset upset you you and and just just escape escape by by a a hair hair or or so. so. Sometimes Sometimes maybe maybe you you get get a a disgruntled disgruntled passenger passenger on on there, there, and and starts starts a a big big argument. argument. Sometimes Sometimes you you have have some some one one who who cuts cuts you you off off or or stops stops in in front front of of the the bus. bus. Theres Theres a a lot lot of of tension tension behind behind that. that. You You got got to to watch watch all all the the time. time. You You are are watching watching the the drivers, drivers, youre youre watching watching other other cars. cars. Most Most of of the the time time you you have have to to drive drive for for the the other other drivers, drivers, to to avoid avoid hitting hitting them. them. So So you you take take the the tension tension home home with with you.you.On hearing that his father had On hearing that his father had kicked the bucket, we wrote him a kicked the bucket, we wrote him a letter to express our sympathies.letter to express our sympathies. Ill attend to that myself in thmornin. Ill take keer o im. He aint from this county nohow. Ill go down there in th mornin and seeim. Lettin you leave your books and gallivant all over th hills. What kind of a school is it nohow! Didnt do that, my son, when Is a little shaver In school. ining keer-care aint-isnt Is-Im nohow-anyhow Such nonstandard words and Such nonstandard words and expressions are often seen in expressions are often seen in stories describing poorly educated stories describing poorly educated people. Foreign students of people. Foreign students of English need to understand them, English need to understand them, but should not try to use them in but should not try to use them in speech or writing.speech or writing. II.General and specific wordsGeneral: A good man General: A good man Specific : kind honest just generous Specific : kind honest just generous sympathetic warm-hearted selfless sympathetic warm-hearted selfless honorablehonorableGeneral: Good foodGeneral: Good foodSpecific : tasty nourishing rich Specific : tasty nourishing rich wholesome high-priced fresh wholesome high-priced fresh substantialsubstantialLiving thingscreatureplantvegetableflowertreeanimalinsectcarrotdaffodilpineProfessional is more general than scientist, doctor, teacher, lawyer, Journalist, etc. But scientist may be called a general word when compared with physicist or chemist, which, in turn, is more general than biochemist.General:General: in spring, the weather in beijing can in spring, the weather in beijing can be very bad.be very bad.Specific:Specific: in spring ,it is often windy and dusty in spring ,it is often windy and dusty here.here.More specific with the help of detailsMore specific with the help of details: :in spring, the wind blows all day long. The air in spring, the wind blows all day long. The air is then filled with fine dust which sometimes is then filled with fine dust which sometimes shuts out the sun. There is no escape from the shuts out the sun. There is no escape from the fine dust. It gets into your eyes, your ears, your fine dust. It gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils, and your hair.nostrils, and your hair.III. Synonyms sinnim Two or more forms with very closely related Two or more forms with very closely related meaning, which are often but not always, meaning, which are often but not always, intersubstitutable in a sentence.intersubstitutable in a sentence.Early English French Early English French LatinLatinsmall/little petite diminutivesmall/little petite diminutiveask question interrogateask question interrogatetime age epochtime age epochRise mount ascendRise mount ascend send send Generally, Latin words are more bookish than early Generally, Latin words are more bookish than early English and French.English and French.Denotation ,di:nutein and Connotation ,knuteinDenotation is the basic ,direct, literal meaning of a word. As defined by the dictionary.Connotation is the association around and the overtone about the word. its the feeling or idea suggested by the word.E.g . GuojiaCountry emphasizes the territory.Nation emphasizes the people.State emphasizes political organization. Land is often used to connote certain feeling.An island country ; neighbouring countryA peace-loving nation; the awaking nation of AfricaState-owned enterprisesOur state system is the peoples democratic dictatorship.A far-away / foreign land; a land of liberty/ opportunityAll the following adjectives mean” thick in body because of presence of superfluous flesh”, but differ widely in connotation.Stout: suggesting robust healthPortly: suggesting-rather fatPlump: suggesting a pleasant fullness of figureRotundrr( ()t)tndnd: suggesting a spherical shapeChubby: suggesting the bouncy roundness of a cherub or a well-fed suggesting babyFat: suggesting the neutral, general uncomplimentary connotationCorpulentk:pjulnt: suggesting an unbecoming bulkinessObeseubi:s : implying an unhealthy excess of fatdifferent connotation reflecting the attitude of the speakerComplimentary derogatory neutralPublic servant bureaucrat government employee bjurukrt Financier speculator investorLaw officer cop policemanCaptain of industry tycoon successful businessman Investigator spy detectiveCaptive jailbird prisonerinformal formalinformal formal leave depart leave depart scared apprehensive scared apprehensive blow up explode blow up explode quit resign quit resign job position job position tired fatigued tired fatigued flunk fail flunk fail|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-acute perceptive intelligent smart on the ballacute perceptive intelligent smart on the ballUsing words correctly1. misuse of formal words in informal situations or vice versa-Hi., Rose!-Hi., Rose!-Hi, Jack! How about coming to my -Hi, Jack! How about coming to my home tomorrow? Ill extend a warm home tomorrow? Ill extend a warm welcome to you.welcome to you.2. Misuse of general or specific wordsI am very happy because I have met a person.In arranging business meetings with people outside the company, it is often wise to confirm in person or by telephone.3.overcome ChinglishIm not afraid of the hot weather.Im not afraid of the hot weather. I dont mind the hot weather. I dont mind the hot weather.I felt the room rather cold.I felt the room rather cold.I found the room rather cold.I found the room rather cold. On Sundays I always sleep late.On Sundays I always sleep late.On Sundays I always get up late.On Sundays I always get up late.She felt the blanket soft.The blanket felt soft to her.His level of English has been improved.His English has improved.He received the fourth place in the exam.He came out the fourth in the exam.homeworkGeneral: Students do many interesting General: Students do many interesting things after classthings after classSpecific:Specific: