词类词类 英语中的词可以根据词义，句法作用和英语中的词可以根据词义，句法作用和形式特征分为十大词类。形式特征分为十大词类。词类 英语名称 作用名词 Nouns (n.) 表示人或物的名称形容词 Adjectives(adj.) 表示人或物的特征数词 Numerals(num.) 表示数目或顺序代词 Pronouns ( pron.) 代替名词，数词等动词 Verbs(v.) 表示动作或状态副词 Adverbs(adv.) 表示动作特征或形状特征冠词 Articles(art.) 用在名词前,帮助说明其意义介词 Prepositions(prep)用在名词,代词等前，说明与别的词之间的关系连词 Conjunctions(conj.) 用来连接词与词或句与句 感叹词Interjections(interj.) 表示说话时的感情或口气一、名词一、名词名词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、名词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、宾补状语、宾补例如：例如：1.Is it a color film? 是彩色影片吗？是彩色影片吗？ (定语定语)2. The Party has great concern for us students. （同位语）（同位语） 3. The meeting lasted an hour. (状语状语)4. We elected Tom our monitor. (宾补宾补)二、形容词二、形容词形容词可作定语、表语、宾补、状语。形容词可作定语、表语、宾补、状语。例如：例如：1. The pen is nice.2. It is a wonderful film.3. Who left the door open.4. He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.他又冷又饿地、在风雨中过了七天。他又冷又饿地、在风雨中过了七天。大多数形容词既可作定语又可作表语，少数大多数形容词既可作定语又可作表语，少数形容词只能作表语不能作定语。如：形容词只能作表语不能作定语。如：alone, afraid, asleep, awake, alive, ashamed, aware, 三、副词三、副词副词主要用来作状语，可修饰动词、形容词、副词或副词主要用来作状语，可修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。整个句子。例如：例如：You work hard. 比较：比较：Those are hard work.very good/nice very wellFirst of all we must make the best use of our time. 首先我们要充分利用好我们的时间。首先我们要充分利用好我们的时间。副词在句中的位置。副词在句中的位置。a.放在动词后面。放在动词后面。b.如果是及物动词一般就放在宾语后面。如果是及物动词一般就放在宾语后面。1. Everything went smoothly. 一切进行得很顺利。一切进行得很顺利。2. You shouldnt stay up too late.3. She did it carefully.频度副词放在系助情之后，行为动词之频度副词放在系助情之后，行为动词之前。前。hardly, always, usually, often, seldom, never, already, almost, just等。等。例如：例如：1. 她很少生病。她很少生病。 She is seldom ill.2. 你们经常举行这样的晚会吗？你们经常举行这样的晚会吗？ Do you often hold such parties?3. 他从来不迟到。他从来不迟到。 He has never been late.四、动词四、动词-作谓语作谓语类型类型 特点特点 例句例句及物动词及物动词vt. 跟宾语跟宾语 You are studying maths. 不及物动词不及物动词vi. 不跟宾语不跟宾语,无被动语态无被动语态 We study for ourselves.系动词系动词link.v 跟表语跟表语 I became a League member in 2007.助动词助动词aux.v跟动词原形（无意思）跟动词原形（无意思）Will you be in tonight?情态动词情态动词mod.v跟动词原形（有意思）跟动词原形（有意思）We must be modest.（谦虚）（谦虚）在很多情况下，一个动词可以用作不同类动词：在很多情况下，一个动词可以用作不同类动词：1. They are having a meeting. 2. He has gone to the cinema. 3. How do you do ? 4. Please do me a favor. 5. You neednt worry. 6. We need your help. 7. You dont look very well today. 8. We are looking forward to May Day. (vt.)(aux.v.)(aux.v.)(vt.)(vt.)(mod.v.)(link.v.)(vi.)特别是有很多动词，既可作及物动词，又可作特别是有很多动词，既可作及物动词，又可作不及物动词。不及物动词。比较；比较；1.We must spread the spirit of Olympics. vt.2.The news soon spread all over the city. vi.3. I think you are right? vt.4. We often think of you. vi. 五五. 介词介词 介词不能在句中独立充当一个成分，须和一个名词介词不能在句中独立充当一个成分，须和一个名词或与之相当的东西构成介词短语，来充当一个成分。或与之相当的东西构成介词短语，来充当一个成分。和介词构成短语的那个部分称为介词的宾语。能充当和介词构成短语的那个部分称为介词的宾语。能充当介词的宾语有名词，代词，动名词，以及由连接代介词的宾语有名词，代词，动名词，以及由连接代（副）词引导的从句或不定式。（副）词引导的从句或不定式。例如：例如：1. Its going to be windy tomorrow according to the weather forecast.2. How much luggage can I take with me?3. Well keep on learning English.4. Im thinking of how we can fulfil the task ahead of time.5. He gave a lesson on how to improve the soil.介词短语在句中可作状语，定语，表语。介词短语在句中可作状语，定语，表语。 例如；例如；1.Thank you for reminding me of it. 状语状语2. What is the advantage of doing all this? 定语定语3. He is a responsible man in spite of his shortcomings. 4. These people are only after fame and position. 表语表语5.They are out of touch with reality. 表语表语6. Most of the products on display are new ones. 定语定语 状语状语六、连词六、连词 连词也是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分，而连词也是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分，而只起连接词与词、短语与短语。以及句与句的作用。只起连接词与词、短语与短语。以及句与句的作用。如：如： Harry up , or well be late. Are we to have the contest today or tomorrow? Study hard , and youll make progress. 连词主要分为两类连词主要分为两类 并列连词并列连词连接平行的词、词组或分句连接平行的词、词组或分句 从属连词从属连词用来引导从句用来引导从句并列连词：并列连词：and , but , or , so , therefore , yet , however , for ,bothand , not onlybut also , eitheror , neithernor , then , as well as等等并列连词可分为：并列连词可分为：1. 表示转折：表示转折：but, yet, however2. 表示因果关系表示因果关系: for, so, thereforeeg. Youd better put on your sweater, for its rather cold outside. It was already rather late, so we decided to go home. You are right, therefore we should support you.3. 并列连词：并列连词：and, or, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, as well as等等Eg. 我看过他的一本小说，也看过他的几本剧本。我看过他的一本小说，也看过他的几本剧本。 I have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays. 他们工作一不为名，二不为利他们工作一不为名，二不为利 They worked neither for fame nor for personal gains. 请你今天或明天来。请你今天或明天来。 Come either today or tomorrow.从属连词从属连词1引导时间状语从句引导时间状语从句 after , when , before , as , while , since , until , till , once, as soon as, 2. 引导原因状语从句引导原因状语从句 because , now that 既然既然, since既然既然, as, seeing that=since 等。例如：等。例如：Now that your son is well again, you no longer have anything to worry about.Since you dont want to go, we wont force you to.3引导条件状语从句引导条件状语从句 if ,even if , unless , as long as , in case (that) , on condition (that) 只要，只要， suppose=supposing假设假设, provided/providing (that) 等等 Ill lend you the book on condition (that) you return it on Monday. Ill come provided/providing (that) you let me know in good time.你要是及时通知我是会来的。你要是及时通知我是会来的。4. 用来引导其他从句的连词：用来引导其他从句的连词：although , though , than , so that , in order that , as if , as though , sothat , suchthat , asas , soas等等