词性、句子成分、句子结构By Vivian英语单词的词性英语单词的词性八大句子成分八大句子成分五大基本句型五大基本句型2一、英语单词的词性分类一、英语单词的词性分类 名词 n. student 学生 介词 prep. at 在.动词 v. cut 砍、割 连词 conj. and 和 形容词 adj. happy 高兴的 感叹词 interj. dear 天呐代词pron. you 你 冠词 art. The/a/an 数词 num. three 三副词 adv. quickly 迅速地3e.g.: Employee can get more benefit from telecommuting than employer. 1.主谓一致/单复数词尾变化2. 可数名词不能单独使用EmployeeemployeesEmployeremployers名词名词 4比较级的变化词性混用：很多学生把形容词当做主语来用形容词形容词 e.g.: Honest is so important for everyone. 5定义：连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。分类：并列连词和从属连词n 并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, and then等等。 n从属连词经常引导一个从句, 如: when ,where, because, if , as, 等连词连词 6分类：基数词；序数词分类：基数词；序数词一、基数词一、基数词基数词写法和读法二、序数词二、序数词 1）序数词的缩写形式： first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st三、数词的用法三、数词的用法 1）倍数表示法 :twice/three times 2）分数表示法 : one-third/ two-thirds数词数词 7介词：介词不可单独使用，后面必须跟名词介词：介词不可单独使用，后面必须跟名词介词：介词不可单独使用，后面必须跟名词介词：介词不可单独使用，后面必须跟名词, ,动名词动名词动名词动名词或句子构成介宾结构等或句子构成介宾结构等或句子构成介宾结构等或句子构成介宾结构等. .The old woman has lived in the town for 30 years.Japan is to the east of China.You must have been interested in what Liuqian performed in the party. I will finishe the task in advance by cooperating with my colleagues.介词介词 8功能：主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子e.g.: He spoke slowly and carefully. The food id very delicious. He falls far behind in his classroom. Certainly, I will stand by you forever.分类：时间副词: soon, then, today, tomorrow, afterwards地点副词: here, there程度副词: very, quite, rather方式副词: beautifully, reluctantly, well频度副词: often , frequently, always副词副词 9Practise: 迅速找出句子里的语法错误1. The problems that are created by environmental contamunation(污染) is very hard to resolve.2. Many students are like studying home economics.3. In present-day society, cultures were becoming very similar.4. The Internet has instead of many classrooms.5. Some parents do not obey traffic rules himself. 6. Intelligent students should not be treated different bt their teachers. (一处错误)isareAre 去掉去掉Wereareinstead oftaken palce of himselfthemselvesdifferentdifferently10八大句子成分八大句子成分 主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语状语，补语，同位语状语，补语，同位语11主语：思考“什么不能充当主语”1) Some towns, cities, regions and countries seem to have better education than others.2) He reads newspapers everyday.3) Two and six is eight.4)Increasing the price of petrol is the best way to solve growing traffic and pollution problems.(剑8例句)5) To be a valuable member of any community is not like learning a simple skill. (剑8例句)6)What we shall do next is not yet decided.12主语主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体，可是执行句子的行为或动作的主体，可以作主语的有以作主语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句动名词、从句等，一般在句首。等，一般在句首。动词原形不等充当主语动词原形不等充当主语13谓语：思考谓语：思考“一个句子应该有几个谓语动词一个句子应该有几个谓语动词”1) I like reading. 2) Few people would seek to preserve traditions.3) What are you doing? 4) What have you done?5) He was often laughed at for this.6) The new term begins on the 1st of September.7) The benefits of computer skills for young chindren can not be denied.14谓语谓语是说明主语的动作，状态或特征，在英语中一是说明主语的动作，状态或特征，在英语中一个句子个句子永远只能有一个永远只能有一个动词构成。动词构成。简单谓语：简单谓语：like复合谓语：复合谓语：have done一个句子有且只有一个谓语结构一个句子有且只有一个谓语结构15宾语：思考宾语：思考“是否所有的谓语动词都能加宾语是否所有的谓语动词都能加宾语”1)I think it right to help her.2)My little sister always likes to ask questions.3)Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?4)He asked me what I was going to do in summer.5)A good writer does not concentrate on the words, phrases and grammar.16宾语宾语表示动作的行为对象，通常在表示动作的行为对象，通常在及物动词及物动词和和介介词词的后面。能充当宾语的有可以作主语的有的后面。能充当宾语的有可以作主语的有名词、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等。等。及物动词和介词后面才能加宾语及物动词和介词后面才能加宾语17表语：表语： 思考思考“副词是否能当表语副词是否能当表语”1) Education is one of the key words of our time.2) Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent.3) The world inside the school wall is different from the world outside those walls.4) Traditional method may prove valuable in the future.5) The fact is that I never like him at all.6) Our purpose is to achieve IELTS test.18表语表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，它常位于状态的，它常位于系动词之后系动词之后。表语常由。表语常由名词、名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、从句形容词、介词短语、不定式、从句来充当。来充当。副词不能充当表语副词不能充当表语 He looks beautifully?!19定语：思考定语：思考“定语的位置定语的位置”1）Electric cars would be both quieter and cleaner to use.2) The girl in the classroom needs a pen of yours. 3)Employees need to feel that they are doing valued and valuable work.4)In addition, the government should fund the parental support.5)The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. 6)They are more important to our well-being and our future than the stars who earn their fortunes so quickly.20定语定语对对名词名词或或代词代词起修饰或限定作用。能充起修饰或限定作用。能充当定语的有当定语的有形容词，介词短语，分词，或形容词，介词短语，分词，或句子。句子。单个的词作定语时要放于被修饰词的前面短语或从句作定语时要放于被修饰词的后面21状语：找出一下句子的状语状语：找出一下句子的状语1) She sings quite well.2) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 3) She put the egg into the basket with great care. 4) The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 5) If I have some spare time, I will take up German.6) I will call you by the time I arrive in London.22定义：定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语。状语。状语的功用：状语的功用：说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。状语一般由：状语一般由：副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。23补语：难易程度补语：难易程度 常见为以下五种结构：常见为以下五种结构：1)名词名词+名词名词 The war made him a soldier.2)名词名词+形容词形容词 Many people find their rewards unfair.3)名词名词+介词短语介词短语 I often find him at work.4)名词名词+动词不定时动词不定时 The teacher ask the students to close the windows.5)名词名词+分词分词I saw a cat running acorss the road.24补语的作用对象是主语和宾语补语的作用对象是主语和宾语, 在句法上是不可或在句法上是不可或缺的。最常见的是宾语补足语。缺的。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。NOTE：补语是句子中最难理解的成分，现在同：补语是句子中最难理解的成分，现在同学们只要掌握并运用好主，谓，宾，表，定就足学们只要掌握并运用好主，谓，宾，表，定就足够了够了25同位语：难易程度同位语：难易程度 1）We were overjoyed at the news that our team had won.2）You can leave the work to them three. 3）We all are students. 4) Playing chess, only interest of his life, brings him much friends.Tips: 同位语是在名词或代词之后，重复指代并进一步说明名词或代词的成分。常置被修饰词语后26Practise: 正确划出下列句子的成分：正确划出下列句子的成分：1) I saw your uncle in the shop yesterday.2) Her father became a Party member in 1950.3) She knows how to teach English properly.4) Mr. Hopkins teaches Mary English.271) I saw your uncle in the shop yesterday . 主 谓 宾语 地点状语 时间状语2) Her father became a Party member in 1950 . 主 系动词 表语 时间状语 3) She knows how to teach English properly . 主 谓 宾语4) Mr. Hopkins teaches Mary English . 主 谓 间接宾语 直接宾语28三、五大基本句型三、五大基本句型3.1 学习五大基本句型的作用是什么？3.2 英语简单句的五大基本句型分别是什么？29五大基本句型：主谓主谓主谓主谓+宾宾主系表主系表主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补30一、一、S V（主（主+谓不及物）谓不及物）Man proposes; God disposes.The sun rises and the sun sets. First impressions count. （剑3，G, TB，R）1、他学习很好2、公交车和货车相撞。(货车：van 相撞：collide)He studys well.The bus and van collided31二、二、S V O (主主+谓谓+宾及物）宾及物）Ive finished reading the book. Ill pick you up this evening. Beauty will buy no beef. 1、垃圾食品危害人的健康。（垃圾食品:Junk food 危害:impair） 2、旅游开阔了眼界. （旅游 :travelling 开阔: broaden 眼界：vision） Junk food impairs peoples health.Travelling broadens ones vision.32三、三、S V P(主主+系系+表表)He looks unhappy. The best proof of love is trust. Bread is the staff of life. 1、运动是对学习时间和学校资源的浪费。学习时间：school time 资源：resource 浪费：a waste of2、现代世界充满竞争。(剑5,T3,W）Sport is a waste of school time and resources.The modern world is full of competition.33在英语中，除了在英语中，除了be动词以外，还有以下系动词：动词以外，还有以下系动词：1）单纯表示主语的特征、状态的：）单纯表示主语的特征、状态的：feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear等。等。That sounds great. The chicken tastes nice. 2）表示主语由一种状态转变为另一种状态的：）表示主语由一种状态转变为另一种状态的：become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come Hope your dreams will come true. The leaf will turn yellow in autumn. 3）表示主语保持某种状态：）表示主语保持某种状态：continue, remain, stay, keep, hold, rest, prove等。等。The weather continued fine for several days. He held silent for the whole day. 34四、四、SVoO（主（主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾）直宾）uHe showed the guard his passport.uI will buy you a meal.1、他们给我三天时间来做这份工作。2、 跳槽给我们带来成就感.（跳槽:job-hopping 成就感：a sense of achievement.）They allowed me three days to do the work.Job-hopping offers us a sense of achievement.35五、五、S V O C (主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补）宾补）uYou can leave the door open. uThe chairman declared the meeting over. uA hedge(树篱) between keeps friendship green. uThey appointed John chairman.1、 所有的评论家都认为这本书是一部杰作。（critics: 评论家 consider:认为 masterpiece:杰作）2、 我们发现他很适合做这项工作。适合：suitableAll the critics considered the book a masterpiece.We found him a very suitable person for the job.36 比较：双宾语和复合宾语比较：双宾语和复合宾语 I made John our chairman. I made John a cake. 37There be 句型句型There +be+ 主语+状语There is going to be a meeting tonight. therebe结构中的be可以运用各种时态。现在存在thereis/are过去存在therewas/were将来存在therewillbe/is/aregoingtobe.现在已经存在therehas/havebeen38There be的就近原则的就近原则动词be单复数形式要跟there be之后的真正的主语一致，并且要根据就近一致原则来变换be 的单复数形式。 There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。 There is a pen and two books on the desk.课桌上有一个钢笔和两本书。 There are two books and a pen on the desk. 课桌上有两本书和一个钢笔。 39There be句型的结构变形之一句型的结构变形之一在there be的 be 前可以加上各种情态词，如： There must be something wrong.一定有问题。 There ought not to be so many people.不应该有这么多的人。 There might still be hope .可能还有点希望。40There be句型的结构变形之二句型的结构变形之二此句型有时不用be动词，而用live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive, appear, happen等 pThere lived a rich man.这以前住着一个富翁。 pThen there came a knock at the door.然后有人敲门。 pThere followed a terrible noise.然后是传来了可怕的声音。 pSuddenly there entered a strange man.突然进来了一个奇怪的人。pThere happened to be a man walking by.碰巧有个人在此经过。 pThere appeared to be nobody willing to help.看来没人愿意帮忙。 411、今晚没有会。 Thereisntgoingtobeameetingtonight.2、这个村子过去只有一口井。 Therewasonlyawellinthisvillage.3、铃响了。Theregoesthebell.4、世界上还是有诚信可言的Thereisstillhonestyintheworld.练习：练习：42