dDeathratetheratiobetweendeathsandindividualsinaspecifiedpopulationataparticulartime.Deoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)anucleicacidcomposedoftwopolynucleotidestrandswoundaroundacentralaxistoformadoublehelix;therepositoryofgeneticinformation.Nucleicacidthatfunctionsasthephysicalcarrierofinheritancefor99%ofallspecies.Themoleculeisdouble-strandedandcomposedoftwostrandsinanantiparallelandcomplementaryarrangement.Thebasicunit,thenucleotide,consistsofamoleculeofDeoxyribosesugar,aphosphategroup,andoneoffournitrogenousbases.Deoxyribosefive-carbonsugarfoundinNucleotidesofDNA.DiabetesadisorderassociatedwithdefectsinInsulinaction.糖尿病因其痛苦的症状之一而得名。此病糖尿病因其痛苦的症状之一而得名。此病症闻名于希腊语症闻名于希腊语diabetes，是动词，是动词diabainein派派生出的单词，由前缀生出的单词，由前缀dia-“穿过，隔开穿过，隔开”和单词和单词bainein“走，站走，站”构成。动词构成。动词diabeinein表示表示“跨过，走过或两条腿分开站着跨过，走过或两条腿分开站着”；因此，其派生；因此，其派生词词diabetes表示表示“一个人叉腿站着一个人叉腿站着”，或专指，或专指“指南针，虹吸管指南针，虹吸管”。在。在diabetes使用使用“虹吸管虹吸管”是表示排尿量过多的一种病的名称。是表示排尿量过多的一种病的名称。Dicotsoneofthetwomaintypesoffloweringplants;characterizedbyhavingtwoCotyledons,Floralorgansarrangedincyclesoffourorfive,andleaveswithreticulateveins;includetrees(exceptConifers)andmostornamentalandcropplants.=dicotyledon双子叶植物monocotyledon单子叶植物Digestiontheprocessofbreakingdownfoodintoitsmolecularandchemicalcomponentssothatthesenutrientmoleculescancrossplasmamembranes.Digestivesystemoneofelevenmajorbodyorgansystemsinanimals;convertsfoodfromtheexternalenvironmentintonutrientmoleculesthatcanbeusedandstoredbythebodyandeliminatessolidwastes;involvesfivefunctions:movement,secretion,Digestion,absorption,andelimination.Dinosaursanyofthemesozoic(中生代的)reptiles.恐龙GreekdeinosmonstrousGreeksauroslizardDiploidcellsthatcontainhomologouschromosomes.ThenumberofChromosomesinthecellsisthediploidnumberandisequalto2n(nisthenumberofhomologouspairs).Divergentevolutionthedivergenceofasingleinterbreedingpopulationorspeciesintotwoormoredescendantspecies.DiversitythedifferenttypesoforganismsthatoccurinaCommunity.biodiversityDNAhybridizationtheformationofhybridDNAmoleculesthatcontainastrandofDNAfromtwodifferentspecies.杂交DNAligaseinrecombinantDNAtechnology,anenzymethatsealstogethertwoDNAfragmentsfromdifferentsourcestoformarecombinantDNAmolecule.连连接酶接酶DNApolymeraseinDNAreplication,theenzymethatlinkstheComplementaryNucleotidestogethertoformthenewlysynthesizedstrand.Dominancethepropertyofoneofapairofallelesthatsuppressestheexpressionoftheothermemberofthepairinheterozygotes.DoublefertilizationacharacteristicofangiospermsinwhichapollentubecarriestwospermcellstothefemaleGamehyteintheovule.OnespermcellfuseswiththeeggcellandgivesrisetoaDiploidembryo，theotherspermcellfuseswiththetwopolarcellstoformatriploidcellthatdevelopsintotheEndosperm.Eccrineglandssweatglandsthatarelinkedtothesympatheticnervoussystemandarewidelydistributedoverthebodysurface.外分泌腺ec=ex;crine=krineintosecreteEcologythestudyofhoworganismsinteractwitheachotherandtheirphysicalenvironment.Eco=houseEcosystemtheCommunitylivinginanareaanditsphysicalenvironment.Ecotypeasubdivisionofaspecies;astageintheformationofaspeciessuchthatreproductiveisolationhasoccurred.Ectodermtheouterlayerofcellsinembryonicdevelopment;givesrisetotheskin,Brain,andNervoussystem.外胚层derm=skinEctothermsanimalswithavariablebodytemperaturethatisdeterminedbytheenvironment.Examples:fish,frogs,andreptiles.冷血动物；变温动物cold-bloodedanimaltherm=heatElectronacceptoramoleculethatformspartoftheElectrontransportsystemthattransferselectronsejectedbyChlorophyllduringphotosynthesis.PartoftheenergycarriedbytheelectronsistransferredtoATP,partistransferredtoNADPH,andpartislostinthetransfersystem.Electrontransport1)aseriesofcoupledoxidation/reductionreactionswhereelectronsarepassedlikehotpotatoesfromonemembrane-boundprotein/enzymetoanotherbeforebeingfinallyattachedtoaterminalElectronacceptor(usuallyoxygenorNADPH).ATPisformedbythisprocess.2)coupledseriesofoxidation/reductionreactionsduringwhichATPisgeneratedbyenergytransferaselectronsmovefromhighreducingstatetolowerreducingstate.EmbryotermappliedtothezygoteafterthebeginningofMitosisthatproducesamulticellularstructure.胚EmbryosacalternatetermappliedtotheangiospermfemaleGamehytecontainedwithinamegaspore.胚囊Endocrinesystemoneofelevenmajorbodyorgansystemsinanimals;asystemofglandsthatworkswiththeNervoussystemincontrollingtheactivityofinternalorgans,especiallythekidneys,andincoordinatingthelong-rangeresponsetoexternalstimuli.外分泌系统EndodermtheinnerlayerofcellsinembryonicdevelopmentthatgivesrisetoorgansandtissuesassociatedwithDigestionandrespiration.内胚层Endoplasmicreticulum(ER)anetworkofmembranoustubulesintheCytoplasmofacell;involvedintheproductionofphospholipids,proteins,andotherfunctions.RoughERisstuddedwithribosomes;smoothERisnot.EndospermafoodstoragetissuethatprovidesnutrientstothedevelopingEmbryoinangiosperms;formedfromthetriploidcellproducedwhenaspermcellfertilizesthecentralcell.SomeEndospermissolid(asincorn),someisliquid(asincoconut).胚乳spermsemen精液EndosymbiosistheorythatattemptstoexplaintheoriginoftheDNA-containingMitochondriaandChloroplastsinearlyEukaryotesbytheengulfingofvarioustypesofbacteriathatwerenotdigestedbutbecamepermanentadditionstotheancestral“eukaryote”.内共生Endothermsanimalsthathavetheabilitytomaintainaconstantbodytemperatureoverawiderangeofenvironmentalconditions.温血动物，恒温动物EnergyflowthemovementofenergythroughaCommunityviafeedingrelationships.EnergyofactivationtheminimumamountofEnergyrequiredforagivenreactiontooccur;variesfromreactiontoreaction.活化能Enzymesproteinmoleculesthatactascatalystsinbiochemicalreactions.EpidermisTheoutermostlayerofskinconsistingofseverallayers.epi-表“在之上”。表皮Ethyleneagaseousplanthormonethatstimulatesfruitripeningandthedroppingofleaves.乙烯Eukaryoteatypeofcellfoundinmanyorganismsincludingsingle-celledprotistsandmulticellularfungi,plants,andanimals;characterizedbyamembrane-boundedNucleusandothermembraneousorganelles;anorganismcomposedofsuchcells.Thefirsteukaryotesareencounteredinrocksapproximately1.2-1.5billionyearsold.Evaporationthepartofthehydrologiccycleinwhichliquidwaterisconvertedtovaporandenterstheatmosphere.蒸发(作用)Evolution1)thechangeinlifeovertimebyAdaptation,variation,over-reproduction,anddifferentialsurvival/reproduction,aprocessreferredtobyCharlesDarwinandAlfredWallaceasNaturalselection.2)descentwithmodification.volu=volv=rollEvolutionarytreeadiagramshowingtheevolutionaryhistoryoforganismsbasedondifferencesinaminoacidsequences.Organismswithfewerdifferencesareplacedclosertogetherwhilethosewithmoredifferencesarefurtherapart.ExcretiontheprocessofremovingthewasteproductsofcellularMetabolismfromthebody.排泄排泄Excretorysystemoneofelevenmajorbodysystemsinanimals;regulatesthevolumeandmolecularandionicconstitutionofinternalbodyfluidsandeliminatesmetabolicwasteproductsfromtheInternalenvironment.Exponentialrateanextremelyrapidincrease,e.g.,intherateofpopulationgrowth.指数生长速率Expressioninrelationtogenes,thephenotypicmanifestationofatrait.Expressionmaybeage-dependent(e.g.,Huntingtondisease)oraffectedbyenvironmentalfactors(e.g.,darkfuronSiamese暹罗（泰国）cats).Extinctiontheeliminationofallindividualsinagroup,bothbynatural(Dinosaurs,trilobites)andhuman-induced(dodo,passengerpigeon)means.