a)1.一般情况加-s1) 清辅音后读/s/;map-maps bookbooks desk-desks2) 浊辅音和元音后读/z/; bag-bagscar-cars gamegames boyboys key-keys 2.以s,sh,ch ,x等结尾的加es读/iz/bus-buses watch-watches 3.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的加s读/iz/license-licenses priceprices case- cases12024/9/254.以y结尾的词1)以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y 为i再加es读/z/baby-babies candy-candies comedy-comediesfamily-families2) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：如：two Marysthe Henrys monkey-monkeysholiday-holidays比较：层楼：storey -storeysstory-stories 22024/9/255. 以o 结尾的名词，变复数： 1)加s,读/z/ 如：photo-photos-photographskilokilos-kilograms（缩写词）piano-pianos（引入的外来词）radio-radiosvideovideos zoo-zoos bamboo-bamboos（以元音字母加o结尾的） 2)加es, 读/z/ 如：negronegroes heroheroes potato-potatoestomatotomatoes volcanovolcanoes32024/9/256.以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：1)加s，读 /s/，如：belief-beliefsroof-roofssafe-safesgulf-gulfs chief-chiefs cliff-cliffs giraffe-giraffes2)去f,fe 加ves，读/vz/，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves；3)均可,如：handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves 42024/9/257.名词复数的不规则变化1）child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-miceman-menwoman-women goose-geese注意：与man 和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women。如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。52024/9/252）单复数相同的形式one sheep two sheepa deer two deera Chinese two Chinese62024/9/253）合成名词,将主体词变为复数形式passer-bypassers-by（过路人）brother-in-lawbrothers-in-law（姐夫）sister-in-lawsisters-in-law（嫂子）4）由man和woman构成的合成名词,两个构成部分都要变成复数.man workermen workers（男工人）woman doctorwomen doctors（女医生）72024/9/25