翻译二级笔译实务模拟72Section English-Chinese Translation1. What exactly does globalization mean? Concepts rel（江南博哥）ated to globalization include internationalization, multidomestic marketing, and multinational or transnational marketing, suggesting that the basic criterion is transactions across national boundaries. In the marketing and strategic management literature, globalization is conceptualized as a means to gain competitive advantage by locating different stages of production in different geographic regions according to the particular regions comparative advantage. This conceptualization focuses only on the economic aspects of globalization; social, cultural and political factors are only considered in the context of achieving economic advantage. Thus, being culturally sensitive in global markets is being able to sell ones product with enough ingenuity to avoid possible pitfalls arising from the sellers ignorance of local customs. International marketing textbooks discuss such cultural pitfalls in great detail; however, the cultural contest of globalization is always framed by the economy. Broader conceptualization of globalization can be found in other disciplines such as sociology and anthropology. Waters defined globalization as a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding. This conceptualization with its much broader scope, allows for the examination of a number of consequences of globalization, not jut economic but social, cultural and political ones. While there are a few different conceptualizations of globalization, researchers seem to be in agreement that there are at least three dimensions of globalization: economic, political and cultural. The economic aspects of globalization stem from the spread of the capitalist world economy and the resulting expansion of goods and services. The need for cheap raw materials, cheap labor and new markets saw the expansion of the capitalist world economy from one that was primarily Eurocentric to one that encompassed the entire world. This process was achieved by various means and often involved overcoming political resistances in the new markets. The political aspects of globalization involved establishing control over markets and raw materials through either the use of direct military power or the establishment of international institutions that control such markets. The rise of the nation-state is an example of the political aspect of globalization, although it is argued that advances in telecommunications and information systems and the resulting constructions of institutions that transience territorial boundaries are making the nation-state obsolete. If the economic and political aspects of globalization involve material and power exchanges, the cultural of globalization involves the expression of symbols that represents facts, meanings, beliefs, preferences, tastes and values. In fact, these symbolic exchanges are increasingly displacing economic and political exchanges in the spread of global mass culture. Traditional barriers of language pose no problems to modem means of cultural production such as satellite television and film. However, the new global culture, despite its manifestations through consumption of global products and symbols in different part of the globe, is essentially the culture of dominant groups centered in the West. 正确答案：全球化到底意味着什么？与全球化有关的概念包括“国际化”“国内多国市场”以及“多国或跨国市场”意味着全球化的基本标准是跨国际的交易。在市场和策略管理文化中，全球化被定义为根据某个特定地区的具有竞争力的优势，确定不同地区的不同的生产阶段，从而获得竞争优势的一种手段。这一定义只是强调了全球化的经济性的一面；社会、文化以及政治因素只在获得经济优势的背景下才加与考虑。因此，在全球化经济中的“文化敏感”就是能够把该国的产品以一种独具匠心的方式销售出去，同时避免因不了解当地的风俗习惯而可能遭遇的风险。有关国际市场的教科书对这类文化风险进行了详细的阐述，但是全球化的文化竞争总是受到经济的限制。 全球化的更广泛的定义可以在社会学以及人类学等其他学科中找到。沃特斯把全球化定义为“一种社会的进程，在此期间，社会和文化在地域方面的限制减少了，同时人们也越来越意识到这种限制的减少。”这种更为广泛的定义可以使我们考察全球化的若干后果，不仅仅是经济方面的，也包括社会、文化和政治方面。 尽管还有一些不同的全球化的观念，研究者似乎一致认为全球化至少有三个层面：经济的、政治的和文化的。全球化的经济层面源自资本主义世界经济的扩张以及产品和服务的扩展。对廉价原材料、劳动力和新市场的需求，使得资本主义世界从最初以欧洲为中心而扩展到了全世界。这一进程是通过多种方式完成的，并经常牵涉到克服新市场的政治障碍。全球化的政治方面主要是通过直接动用军事力量或者建立能控制新市场的国际机构，从而达到对新市场和原材料的控制。民族国家的兴起便是全球化政治层面的一个例证，尽管有人认为电信、信息系统的发展和跨越领土边界的机构的建立正在使民族国家过时。 如果全球化的经济和政治层面涉及物质和权力的交换，那么全球化的文化层面则是对那些代表着事实、意义、信仰、喜好、趣味和价值的象征性的表达。事实上，在全球大众文化的传播中，这些象征性意义的交换正日益取代着经济和政治层面的交换。传统的语言的障碍对诸如卫星电视、电影等现代手段的文化产品并没有制造任何麻烦。然而，新的“全球文化”，尽管标榜的是消费全球的产品以及代表不同地区的象征意义，其本质却是以西方为中心的大国文化。2. A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in a