2024年高考化学总复习高中化学方程式全套复习分类汇编（精华版） 一、非金属单质（F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si，H） 1、氧化性： F2+H2=2HF (阴暗处爆炸)F2+Xe(过量)=XeF2 2F2(过量)+Xe=XeF4 (XeF4是强氧化剂，能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4)nF2+2M=2MFn(M表示大部分金属) 2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2 (水是还原剂)2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2O F2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2 F2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI=2NaF+I2 7F2(过量)+I2=2IF7F2+Cl2(等体积)=2ClF (ClF属于类卤素：ClF+H2O=HF+HClO )3F2(过量)+Cl2=2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O=3HF+HClO3 )Cl2+H22HCl (将H2在Cl2点燃；混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)3Cl2+2P2PCl3 Cl2+PCl3PCl5 Cl2+2Na2NaCl 3Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3 Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3+3Cl)Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2 Cl2+2Br=2Cl+Br2Cl2+2KI=2KCl+I2 Cl2+2I=2Cl+I23Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KIO3 3Cl2+I+3H2O=6H+6Cl+IO35Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl 5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl+IO3+12H+ Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+S Cl2+S2=2Cl+SCl2+H2S=2HCl+S (水溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H+2Cl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2Cl Cl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2 Cl2+H2O2=2H+Cl+O22O2+3FeFe3O4O2+K=KO2 S+H2H2S 2S+CCS2 S+ZnZnS S+Fe FeS (既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取) S+2CuCu2S (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)3S+2AlAl2S3 (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)N2+3H22NH3N2+3MgMg3N2 N2+3CaCa3N2 N2+3BaBa3N2 N2+6Na2Na3N N2+6K2K3N N2+6Rb2Rb3N N2+2Al2AlNP4+6H24PH3 P+3NaNa3P 2P+3ZnZn3P2 H2+2Li2LiH2、还原性 S+O2SO2S+H2SO4(浓)3SO2+2H2O S+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O S+4H+6=6NO2+2H2O+3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO+2H2O 3S+4H+43SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2 2NO 4P+5O2P4O10(常写成P2O5) 2P+3X22PX3（X表示F2，Cl2，Br2） PX3+X2 PX5P4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O C+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl4 C+O2(足量)CO22C+O2(少量)2COC+CO22CO C+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气) 2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅) Si(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4 (SiCl4+2H2=Si(纯)+4HCl) Si(粉)+O2SiO2 Si+CSiC(金刚砂) Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2 (Si+2OH+H2O=+2H2) 3、歧化反应 Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO（加碱或光照促进歧化： (Cl2+H2OH+Cl+HClO） Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)3Cl2+6KOH(浓)5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH5Cl+ClO3+3H2O)3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O(3S+6OH2S2+SO32+3H2O)4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO2 (4P+3OH+3H2O=PH3+3H2PO2)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4 3C+CaOCaC2+CO 3C+SiO2SiC+2CO 二金属单质（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的还原性 2Na+H22NaH 4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na2O+O22Na2O2 2Na+O2Na2O2 2Na+S=Na2S（爆炸） 2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2 2Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH+H22Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2 2Na+2NH3=2Na+2NH2+H24Na+TiCl4 4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2MgCl2Mg+Br2MgBr2 2Mg+O22MgO Mg+SMgS2Cu+SCu2S (Cu2S只能由单质制备) Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2 2Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbClMgCl2+2Rb 2Mg+CO22MgO+C 2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si Mg+H2S=MgS+H2 Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2(Mg+2H+=Mg2+H2)2Al+3Cl22AlCl3 4Al+3O2=2Al2O3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg（铝汞齐） 4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr (铝热反应)2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe 2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2 2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2 2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)=Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化) Al+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O Al+4H+NO3=Al3+NO+2H2O 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2 2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2 Fe3O4 2Fe+O22FeO (炼钢过程)Fe+I2FeI2 Fe+SFeS (FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备)3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2 Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2 Fe+2H+=Fe2+H2 Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2+Cu Fe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn Fe+Sn2+=Fe2+Sn 三非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3) 金属氢化物(NaH)1、还原性: 4HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O 4H+2Cl+MnO2Mn2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(浓)+PbO2PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O 4H+2Cl+PbO2Pb2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O 16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O16 H+10Cl-+2MnO4=2Mn2+5Cl2+8H2O6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2+3H2O 6H+5Cl+ClO3=3Cl2+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O 14H+6Cl+Cr2O72=2Cr3+5Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O2 2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量)2S+2H2O 2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(浓)=S+SO2+2H2O 3H2S+2HNO3(稀)=3S+2NO+4H2O 3H2S+2H+2NO3=3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O 5H2S+2MnO4+6H+=2Mn2+5S+8H2O 3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72+8H+=2Cr3+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOH H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+2NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O 2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl 8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl NH3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2+2H2O NH3+NO2+H+=N2+2H2O4NH3+3O2(纯氧)2N2+6H2O 4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O 4NH3+6NO=5N2+6H2O (用氨清除NO) NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2 (生氢剂) NaH+H2O=Na+OH+H24NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2 CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+2H2 2、酸性: 4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O（可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻）4HF+Si=SiF4+2H2 2HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HCl H2S+Fe=FeS+H2 H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HCl (弱酸制强酸的典型反应) H2S+Cu2+=CuS+2H+ H2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3 H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S+2H+H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HCl